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Gold Codes
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This article is about authentication codes used to command a launch of nuclear weapons. For the binary codes used in telecommunications and GPS, see
Gold code.
"The Biscuit" redirects here. For other topics, see
biscuit (disambiguation).
The
Gold Codes are the launch codes for
nuclear weapons provided to the
President of the United States in their role as
commander-in-chief of the
armed forces.
[1] In conjunction with the
nuclear football, the Gold Codes allow the president to authorize a nuclear attack.
[2] Gold Codes, as well as a separate nuclear football, are also assigned to the
vice president in case the president is incapacitated or otherwise unable to discharge the duties of office pursuant to the
Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
[3][4] Gold Codes are arranged in a column and printed on a
plastic card nicknamed "
the biscuit".
[5]
The card's size is similar to that of a credit card, and the president is supposed to carry it on their person. Before it can be read, an opaque plastic covering must be snapped in two and removed.
[6]
Gold Codes are generated daily and provided by the
National Security Agency (NSA) to the
White House,
The Pentagon,
United States Strategic Command and
TACAMO. For an extra level of security, the list of codes on the card includes codes that have no meaning, and therefore the president must memorize where on the list the correct code is located. The concept behind the codes is that they permit the president to present positive identification of being the commander-in-chief and thereby authenticate a launch order to the
National Military Command Center (NMCC).
[7][8]
Protocol[edit]
Further information:
Nuclear weapons and the United States
If the president decides to launch nuclear weapons, he or she would be taken aside by the carrier of the nuclear football and the briefcase would be opened.
[3] The president would select from among sets of specific orders for attacks on specific targets. The attack options are preset war plans developed under
OPLAN 8010, and include major attack options, selected attack options, and limited attack options. The chosen attack option and the Gold Codes would be transmitted to the NMCC via a special secure channel. Before the order can be followed by the military, the president must be identified using a special code issued on a plastic card, nicknamed "the biscuit".
[9] The authentication is conducted between the president and the NMCC's deputy director of operations, using a challenge code of two
phonetic letters. The president will read from the biscuit the daily phonetic letters and the deputy director will confirm or deny if they are correct, confirming that the person is the president and the attack orders can be given.
[10] As commander-in-chief, the president is the only person with the authority to order the use of nuclear weapons.
[11][12][13][14] Nuclear-defense policy expert
Franklin Miller argues that the president has almost singular authority to initiate a nuclear attack; while the secretary of defense is required to verify the order, he or she cannot veto it.
[15] Daniel Ellsberg argues that in practice, this authority has been delegated by the president to a number of military officers.
[16]
See also[edit]
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