Prove that God doesn't exist.

Does God exist?

  • Yes.

    Votes: 63 59.4%
  • No.

    Votes: 44 41.5%

  • Total voters
    106
Epistemology is philosophy that concerns itself with the nature of knowledge, what is knowledge, and how it is acquired. It's based on the idea that there are several ways of acquiring knowledge. (that's a short summary, of course)

Correct.

The basic question it tries to answer is on what basis does the truth value of human knowledge derive -- a priori or posteriori? Pure thought or pure empirical knowledge?

If a proposition isn't logical, then it probably is not true. OK, that makes sense. However, if the knowledge is a priori, and later experience casts doubt on its truth, is it really knowledge?

All logical forms are based on a priori knowledge -- even that science you speak of. If gravity works here, what makes you think it works somewhere else in the universe? It does because gravity is stated as a law that is background independent -- which is itself, an a priori proposition.

Not sure how set theory applies to a discussion of the existence of god. Please enlighten us.

It is the foundation of propositional logic.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_logic

In mathematical logic, a propositional calculus or logic (also called sentential calculus or sentential logic) is a formal system in which formulas of a formal language may be interpreted as representing propositions. A system of inference rules and axioms allows certain formulas to be derived, called theorems; which may be interpreted as true propositions. The series of formulas which is constructed within such a system is called a derivation and the last formula of the series is a theorem, whose derivation may be interpreted as a proof of the truth of the proposition represented by the theorem.
 
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I am all for pure thinking. But it doesn't go very far at all before one either hits a wall or must start making assumptions.

Show me a philosophy, science, or argument that does not make any assumptions and I will show you an idea that does not say very much.

Mathematics.
 
Mathematics.

Sory but pure mathematics is 100% assumption followed by pure and incontrovertable logic.

Basically it says IF there is such a thing as numbers then we can deduce...

But I knew you were gonna say math and I like it. And i admit that as soon as one pairs math with an observation of numbers it becomes really really practical.

Find another.
 
Sory but pure mathematics is 100% assumption followed by pure and incontrovertable logic.

Basically it says IF there is such a thing as numbers then we can deduce...

But I knew you were gonna say math and I like it. And i admit that as soon as one pairs math with an observation of numbers it becomes really really practical.

Find another.

No. They are not assumptions. They are called axioms. Their proof is SELF-EVIDENT hence formal language becomes unnecessary.

But if you don't like math, how about set theory -- the foundation of propositional logic. I understand what you are saying but just because the proof of a proposition (like the axiom a=a) cannot be phrased in formal language doesn't mean there is no proof, now, does it?
 
No. They are not assumptions. They are called axioms. Their proof is SELF-EVIDENT hence formal language becomes unnecessary.

But if you don't like math, how about set theory -- the foundation of propositional logic. I understand what you are saying but just because the proof of a proposition (like the axiom a=a) cannot be phrased in formal language doesn't mean there is no proof, now, does it?


Assumptions that self-evident axioms are true is based on the notion that logic is true. If logic is true then I can say that a=a.

If however, we discover that the universe is not logical but just appears to be logical then it all goes out the window.

Is logic true? Have all paradoxes been explained? If there exist an unexplained paradox it is a threat to the certainty that logic is true.

That being said I am perfectly comfortable living as if axioms are forever incorruptible.
 
Assumptions that self-evident axioms are true is based on the notion that logic is true. If logic is true then I can say that a=a.

If however, we discover that the universe is not logical but just appears to be logical then it all goes out the window.

Is logic true? Have all paradoxes been explained? If there exist an unexplained paradox it is a threat to the certainty that logic is true.

That being said I am perfectly comfortable living as if axioms are forever incorruptible.

Logic is true based on the unassailable truth value of the axioms on which it was built -- not the other way around.

Most paradoxes only seem to be a valid contradiction but almost always arise from self-referencing, circular arguments or infinite regress. Set theoretic paradoxes (like russell's paradox) is solved by simply axiomatizing set theory.
 
Logic is true based on the unassailable truth value of the axioms on which it was built -- not the other way around.

I think that is circular reasoning. You can't use logic to prove that logic is logical.
Most paradoxes only seem to be a valid contradiction but almost always arise from self-referencing, circular arguments or infinite regress. Set theoretic paradoxes (like russell's paradox) is solved by simply axiomatizing set theory.

I don't care about most paradoxes. The question is: is there any unsolved paradox?
 
I think that is circular reasoning. You can't use logic to prove that logic is logical.

Not at all.

The truth value of axioms (like identity, commutation, association, etc) are self-evident -- not a product of some logical operation.

I don't care about most paradoxes. The question is: is there any unsolved paradox?

Not that I am aware of. Like I said, the solution to set theoretical paradoxes (like the barber's paradox) is in axiomatic set theory. You simply define formally the axioms that govern set operations and membership.

The existence of the uncountably many sets (axiom of choice), the existence of the null set and universal set, the membership of the null set in all conceivable sets, to name a few.
 
Not at all.

The truth value of axioms (like identity, commutation, association, etc) are self-evident -- not a product of some logical operation.

Can you support that position? Maybe with links?

Not that I am aware of. Like I said, the solution to set theoretical paradoxes (like the barber's paradox) is in axiomatic set theory. You simply define formally the axioms that govern set operations and membership.

The existence of the uncountably many sets (axiom of choice), the existence of the null set and universal set, the membership of the null set in all conceivable sets, to name a few.

Are you saying that all paradoxes can be explained? Last time I checked there were still paradoxes that could not be explained.
 
Numinus, Dr Who, et al,

The Question here, may in itself, be an anceint "paradox" in a newer form.
(Merely an opinion.)

The truth value of axioms (like identity, commutation, association, etc) are self-evident -- not a product of some logical operation.

The existence of the uncountably many sets (axiom of choice), the existence of the null set and universal set, the membership of the null set in all conceivable sets, to name a few.
(Non-Original THOUGHT)

How do we count? What do we mean when something is "uncountable." What is a "set of numbers?"

There are, as I understand it, two lines of thought:
  • Mathematical objects are real objects.
  • Mathematical objects are concepts.
Thumbnail Source: http://platosheaven.blogspot.com/2005/12/do-numbers-exist.html

I'll be honest, I am one of those few who oppose the Platonic view that numbers are "real" and they exist independently of human thought. The same would go for the set of spectrum detection (colors) and similar formal constructs; or "points" along a continuum (time or dimension).

(COMMENT)

Each question we have, in which we use mathematics is used as a solution tool, is not always going to have an derivable answer through mathematics that fits which other commutations. As we all know, scientifically, we see that individual evaluations of "relativity" and "quantum mechancis" are testable and verifiable. But again, yes --- the unforgiving truth is that, mathematically, they do not match-up (at least not yet).

Albert Einstein said:
“We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.”
AND​
"As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain, and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality."

The concept and implication of a "Null Set" (prove something does not exist) assumes that, in reality, there is such a thing (very real) known as a "Set" (of something).

First we must prove that the concept of a "Set" is even real; and not just a human construct. If it is, merely a human construct, then what does that mean in its application to the concept of a Supreme Being?

While it may seem to be a lower order question, it is actually a question (while very simple) of the highest order.

Most Respectfully,
R
 
Numinus, Dr Who, et al,

The Question here, may in itself, be an anceint "paradox" in a newer form.
(Merely an opinion.)

(Non-Original THOUGHT)

How do we count? What do we mean when something is "uncountable." What is a "set of numbers?"

There are, as I understand it, two lines of thought:
  • Mathematical objects are real objects.
  • Mathematical objects are concepts.
Thumbnail Source: http://platosheaven.blogspot.com/2005/12/do-numbers-exist.html

I'll be honest, I am one of those few who oppose the Platonic view that numbers are "real" and they exist independently of human thought. The same would go for the set of spectrum detection (colors) and similar formal constructs; or "points" along a continuum (time or dimension).

What is 'real' is something that can be described immutably -- independent of subjective perceptions.

Remember the platonic argument that the common-sense, physical world has, at best, only 'fluid' existence? Well, it is confirmed by quantum mechanics -- the properties of the physical world can only be described by a wave function (probability) and is dependent on the observer's subjective perception. Even the fundamental units of length, mass and time are relative and entirely dependent on the motion of an observer's reference frame.

Only ideas fit the definition of real.

(COMMENT)

Each question we have, in which we use mathematics is used as a solution tool, is not always going to have an derivable answer through mathematics that fits which other commutations. As we all know, scientifically, we see that individual evaluations of "relativity" and "quantum mechancis" are testable and verifiable. But again, yes --- the unforgiving truth is that, mathematically, they do not match-up (at least not yet).

What exactly do you mean by 'solution tool'?

One becomes aware of the physical world through one's senses. One becomes aware of the rules that govern the physical world through mathematics.

The reality of a thing as described by our sense is mutable. The reality of a thing as described by ideas is immutable.

The conclusion is inescapable -- the laws of nature exists independent of the material world it governs.


The concept and implication of a "Null Set" (prove something does not exist) assumes that, in reality, there is such a thing (very real) known as a "Set" (of something).

Actually, the existence of the null set can only be described in the world of ideas and there is absolutely nothing in the physical world that even comes close to it.

In set theory, a null set is a set without any members. Or it is euclidean or cartesian space you populate with infinite number of points.

But what exactly is it in the physical world? You imagine an empty container, do you not? But there is still the container and the description 'empty' can only be made relative to the container, no?

But intuitively, the essence of being 'empty' is very real.

First we must prove that the concept of a "Set" is even real; and not just a human construct. If it is, merely a human construct, then what does that mean in its application to the concept of a Supreme Being?

While it may seem to be a lower order question, it is actually a question (while very simple) of the highest order.

Most Respectfully,
R

The concept of set is real. Otherwise, nothing is real.

The set of all x such that x is described as some operator. All scientific laws are couched this way. Your very existence is dependent on a conception of sets -- you are a person residing in a particular part of the globe enjoying certain civil rights and bound by certain obligations.

Person, part of the globe, civil rights, obligations -- they are real simply because they can be described as sets. Without the idea of sets, nothing can be said about you. And something that cannot be described in any way doesn't exist.
 
Can you support that position? Maybe with links?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axioms

In traditional logic, an axiom or postulate is a proposition that is not proved or demonstrated but considered to be either self-evident, or subject to necessary decision. That is to say, an axiom is a logical statement that is assumed to be true. Therefore, its truth is taken for granted, and serves as a starting point for deducing and inferring other (theory dependent) truths.

In mathematics, the term axiom is used in two related but distinguishable senses: "logical axioms" and "non-logical axioms". In both senses, an axiom is any mathematical statement that serves as a starting point from which other statements are logically derived. Unlike theorems, axioms (unless redundant) cannot be derived by principles of deduction, nor are they demonstrable by mathematical proofs, simply because they are starting points; there is nothing else from which they logically follow (otherwise they would be classified as theorems).

Logical axioms are usually statements that are taken to be universally true (e.g., A and B implies A), while non-logical axioms (e.g., a + b = b + a) are actually defining properties for the domain of a specific mathematical theory (such as arithmetic). When used in the latter sense, "axiom," "postulate", and "assumption" may be used interchangeably. In general, a non-logical axiom is not a self-evident truth, but rather a formal logical expression used in deduction to build a mathematical theory. To axiomatize a system of knowledge is to show that its claims can be derived from a small, well-understood set of sentences (the axioms). There are typically multiple ways to axiomatize a given mathematical domain.

Are you saying that all paradoxes can be explained? Last time I checked there were still paradoxes that could not be explained.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermelo–Fraenkel_set_theory

In mathematics, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice, named after mathematicians Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel and commonly abbreviated ZFC, is one of several axiomatic systems that were proposed in the early twentieth century to formulate a theory of sets without the paradoxes of naive set theory like Russell's paradox. Specifically, ZFC does not allow unrestricted comprehension. Today ZFC is the standard form of axiomatic set theory and as such is the most common foundation of mathematics.
 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axioms

In traditional logic, an axiom or postulate is a proposition that is not proved or demonstrated but considered to be either self-evident, or subject to necessary decision. That is to say, an axiom is a logical statement that is assumed to be true. Therefore, its truth is taken for granted, and serves as a starting point for deducing and inferring other (theory dependent) truths.

In mathematics, the term axiom is used in two related but distinguishable senses: "logical axioms" and "non-logical axioms". In both senses, an axiom is any mathematical statement that serves as a starting point from which other statements are logically derived. Unlike theorems, axioms (unless redundant) cannot be derived by principles of deduction, nor are they demonstrable by mathematical proofs, simply because they are starting points; there is nothing else from which they logically follow (otherwise they would be classified as theorems).

Logical axioms are usually statements that are taken to be universally true (e.g., A and B implies A), while non-logical axioms (e.g., a + b = b + a) are actually defining properties for the domain of a specific mathematical theory (such as arithmetic). When used in the latter sense, "axiom," "postulate", and "assumption" may be used interchangeably. In general, a non-logical axiom is not a self-evident truth, but rather a formal logical expression used in deduction to build a mathematical theory. To axiomatize a system of knowledge is to show that its claims can be derived from a small, well-understood set of sentences (the axioms). There are typically multiple ways to axiomatize a given mathematical domain.

Your own links support what I have said.

The are assumed, taken for granted, taken to be true, assumption. All words from your links.
 
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermelo–Fraenkel_set_theory

In mathematics, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice, named after mathematicians Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel and commonly abbreviated ZFC, is one of several axiomatic systems that were proposed in the early twentieth century to formulate a theory of sets without the paradoxes of naive set theory like Russell's paradox. Specifically, ZFC does not allow unrestricted comprehension. Today ZFC is the standard form of axiomatic set theory and as such is the most common foundation of mathematics.

The link indicates that set theory was created to be a theory without paradox. Though it does not say that it succeeded.

For example, set theory is said to not contain a universal set. It has no way to describe everything.

I surmise then that the sentence "the sum of all the parts equals the whole" would be nonsense in set theory. I bet we could build a paradox from that.

Nevertheless, just because set theory MIGHT not contain contain paradoxes does not mean that paradoxes do not exist. It also does not mean that unsolved paradoxes don't exist.
 
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